Dentistry and Dental Implants

Dr.Devinder Preet Singh has completed his B.D.S at the age of 23 years from Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab and postdoctoral studies in Orthodontics from Kurukshetra University,Haryana, India. He is working as Senior Lecturer in the Dept. of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute Of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India since November 2007. He has published more than 10 papers in both National and International reputed journals of his speciality He is a Fellow Member of many reputed national and international orthodontic bodies such as WFO, AAO, EOS, ADA, IOS, and IDA

Petrovic (!977) employed terminology of cybernetics and control theory to describe craniofacial growth mechanisms and method of operation of functional and orthopedic appliances. The theory demonstrates a qualitative and quantitative relationship between observationally and experimentally collected findings.The Cybernetic approach system operates through signals that transmit information. The signal may be of physical, chemical or electromagnetic nature. Any cybernetic system, when provided an input (or stimulus), processes such an input and produces an output. The output is related to the input by a transfer function. Physiologic system can be of two types: Open loop: The output does not affect the input and closed loop in which a specific relation is maintained between the input and output. Closed loops are characterized by a feedback loop and a comparator. The input is fed into a comparator which analyses the input and judges the degree to which the transfer function needs to be carried out to obtain a certain output. The output is fed back to the comparator (by a feed back loop) and is analyzed as to its adequacy. If found to be inadequate, the transfer function is carried out once again. The feed back loop can have a positive or enhancing effect or a negative or attenuating effect. Servo-system is a type of closed loop in which the main input is constantly changing with time, and the output is constantly adjusted in accordance with the input. The various components of a Servo-system include: Command - Reference Input Comparator (Peripheral)-Central Comparator-the actuator- the coupling system and the controlled system

Kulmirzayeva Aizhan graduated from Tashkent Medical Academy in dentistry specialty and successfully completed a one-year internship in general dentistry in Kazakhstan National Medical University. Powered by the department of orthopedic and pediatric dentistry at the Astana Medical University, she was the head for the educational process of the department, the secretary of the final examinations. Currently, she is a third year Doctoral student. She is a dentist of the first category, an orthodontist. She has published about 15 articles in medical journals and took part in the international dental conferencesrn

About 35% of the world\'s population has the pathology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The most common TMJ pathology occurs in partial and full edentia of one or both jaws. The aim of our study was to investigate changes in the elements of the TMJ in partially edentulous jaws. Blocks of TMJ (right and left) were taken from 5 corpses aged 35 to 65 years with a variety of defects of dentition. These preparations were evaluated macroscopically, and then a histological study was conducted on them. In the tissue of hyaline cartilage of the mandible head lines of basophilic staining were detected, as a manifestation of uneven moderate mineralization. Multiple defects with small cavities were detected. Hyaline cartilage of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone has undergone more expressed dystrophic and degenerative changes - destructive (necrotic) processes. In the capsule of the TMJ fibrinoid change of fibrous fibers and delamination were revealed. The changes in the structure of hyaline cartilage of the intra-articular disc were most expressed in the lateral sections (in places of extension). Multiple micro-cracks were revealed and expressed collagenization intra-articular disc tissue. We determined the vascular invasion in the thickness and fibrous degeneration of the intra-articular disc. Degenerative changes, stratification and thickening of the fibrous structures of the TMJ ligaments were also noted. We identified the signs of sclerosis and hyalinosis. Small ossifications with necrosis and losing of the tissue at their central part were detected in the soft tissue surrounding the out capsule ligament of the TMJ